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過去幾年,光伏(PV)產業飛速發展,其動力主要來自居高不下的油價和環境憂慮。然而,PV成本仍然是妨礙其進一步擴張的最大障礙,要與傳統的煤電相競爭,必須進一步降低成本。在太陽能電池板以外,電子元件(如PV逆變器)是導致高成本的主要元件。出于安全和可行性考慮,并網PV轉換器把獲得的直流與交流網相隔離。隔離的作用通常是滿足安全法規的要求,防止直流注入交流網,因為結果可能會影響配電變壓器和傳統(tong)(tong)的(de)瓦特小時電(dian)(dian)表。諸如光耦合器(qi)一類的(de)傳統(tong)(tong)隔(ge)離(li)解決方案無法滿足PV電(dian)(dian)池板(ban)25年的(de)典型擔保要求。同時,微逆變(bian)(bian)器(qi)逐漸占據主(zhu)流,因(yin)為(wei)這(zhe)種器(qi)件(jian)不但可以(yi)提高(gao)系統(tong)(tong)可用(yong)性,而且(qie)能(neng)夠大幅提升遮光條(tiao)件(jian)下(xia)的(de)性能(neng)。在(zai)(zai)這(zhe)些情況下(xia),PV逆變(bian)(bian)器(qi)安裝在(zai)(zai)PV電(dian)(dian)池板(ban)的(de)后(hou)部,那里的(de)高(gao)溫可能(neng)加(jia)速光耦合器(qi)的(de)性能(neng)下(xia)降。本文旨在(zai)(zai)討(tao)論PV逆變(bian)(bian)器(qi)中的(de)信號和電(dian)(dian)源隔(ge)離(li)需求,探(tan)討(tao)如何利(li)用(yong)微變(bian)(bian)壓器(qi)集成(cheng)隔(ge)離(li)功能(neng)以(yi)提高(gao)系統(tong)(tong)性能(neng)和可靠(kao)性、降低(di)系統(tong)(tong)尺(chi)寸和成(cheng)本。
市場(chang)上主要(yao)(yao)(yao)有(you)兩類PV逆(ni)(ni)(ni)變(bian)(bian)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi),即無(wu)變(bian)(bian)壓(ya)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)逆(ni)(ni)(ni)變(bian)(bian)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)和變(bian)(bian)壓(ya)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)隔(ge)離逆(ni)(ni)(ni)變(bian)(bian)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)。無(wu)變(bian)(bian)壓(ya)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)逆(ni)(ni)(ni)變(bian)(bian)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)可(ke)能(neng)(neng)會受(shou)到大接(jie)地(di)漏電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)和注(zhu)入(ru)的(de)(de)直(zhi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)的(de)(de)影響(xiang),因(yin)為PV電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)板(ban)(ban)(ban)與交流(liu)(liu)(liu)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)之間(jian)存在(zai)(zai)很大的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)板(ban)(ban)(ban)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容而且(qie)缺少隔(ge)離,如圖(tu)1(a)所(suo)示(shi)。如果(guo)有(you)直(zhi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)組分注(zhu)入(ru)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)交流(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)中(zhong)(zhong),這(zhe)(zhe)種情況(kuang)是(shi)應該(gai)避免的(de)(de),因(yin)為結果(guo)可(ke)能(neng)(neng)導致配電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)變(bian)(bian)壓(ya)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)飽(bao)和。許多安全(quan)標準對(dui)(dui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)中(zhong)(zhong)注(zhu)入(ru)的(de)(de)直(zhi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)量進行(xing)了(le)嚴(yan)格的(de)(de)規定,有(you)些情況(kuang)下,必須(xu)對(dui)(dui)變(bian)(bian)壓(ya)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)進行(xing)隔(ge)離。在(zai)(zai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)板(ban)(ban)(ban)與電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)之間(jian)采用變(bian)(bian)壓(ya)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)隔(ge)離技術可(ke)以(yi)(yi)(yi)消除因(yin)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)板(ban)(ban)(ban)相對(dui)(dui)于電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)差而產生(sheng)的(de)(de)直(zhi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)注(zhu)入(ru)路徑,如圖(tu)1(b)所(suo)示(shi)。除直(zhi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)注(zhu)入(ru)以(yi)(yi)(yi)外(wai),并網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)逆(ni)(ni)(ni)變(bian)(bian)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)還需滿(man)足電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)的(de)(de)其他(ta)要(yao)(yao)(yao)求,比如總諧(xie)波失真和單諧(xie)波電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)水平、功率系數以(yi)(yi)(yi)及(ji)孤(gu)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)運行(xing)情況(kuang)的(de)(de)檢測(ce)等。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)和注(zhu)入(ru)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)必須(xu)精確監控(kong)。如果(guo)用于執行(xing)MPPT和柵(zha)極驅(qu)動(dong)功能(neng)(neng)的(de)(de)控(kong)制器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)位(wei)于電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)板(ban)(ban)(ban)一端,則必須(xu)將這(zhe)(zhe)些測(ce)量值隔(ge)離開來(lai)。為了(le)使PV電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)板(ban)(ban)(ban)發揮最(zui)大效率,需要(yao)(yao)(yao)采用最(zui)大功率點跟蹤(MPPT)算(suan)法。為了(le)實(shi)現MPTT,還需監控(kong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)板(ban)(ban)(ban)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)和電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)。當人們(men)嘗試串聯多個PV逆(ni)(ni)(ni)變(bian)(bian)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)以(yi)(yi)(yi)減少所(suo)需逆(ni)(ni)(ni)變(bian)(bian)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)數量時(shi),電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)板(ban)(ban)(ban)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)可(ke)能(neng)(neng)變(bian)(bian)得非常高(gao)。從(cong)PV電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)板(ban)(ban)(ban)高(gao)邊端進行(xing)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)測(ce)量也需要(yao)(yao)(yao)隔(ge)離。
圖1. (a) 非隔(ge)離逆變器(qi)下電(dian)網中的直(zhi)(zhi)流注(zhu)入 (b) 通過隔(ge)離阻斷直(zhi)(zhi)流注(zhu)入
除(chu)了隔(ge)(ge)離電(dian)流(liu)和電(dian)壓測量以外,還需要(yao)RS-485、RS-232和CAN等接口功能。RS-485或RS-232一般用(yong)(yong)于面(mian)向這些(xie)PV逆變器的(de)通信(xin),以獲得實時的(de)性(xing)能數據,而通信(xin)總(zong)線則需要(yao)進行隔(ge)(ge)離,因為總(zong)線需要(yao)傳(chuan)輸較(jiao)長(chang)的(de)距離,同時也(ye)是出(chu)于安全考慮。對于通信(xin)距離較(jiao)短時,也(ye)可使用(yong)(yong)隔(ge)(ge)離CAN。這些(xie)收發器也(ye)需要(yao)把隔(ge)(ge)離電(dian)源從電(dian)池板一端抽取至總(zong)線一端。
傳統上,隔離是由光耦合器實現的。然而,光耦合器的電流傳輸功能會隨著時間而下降,可能幾年后就無法運行,遠遠低于許多太陽能電池板提供的20年壽命擔保。這里,我們建議使用基于微變壓器的信號和電源隔離法,這種方法可以滿足PV逆變器中存在的多種集成需求。這種方法不但可以克服光耦合器的性能下降缺陷,而且允許集成ADC之類的檢測功能或者RS-485或RS-232收發器之類的接口功能。另外,該方法可以提供隔離電源用以驅動這些檢測IC、隔離收發器或者隔離柵極驅動器。基于光耦合器的柵極驅動器則耗電量大,時序特性也非常不穩定。基于微變壓器的柵極驅動器不但功耗更低,而且可以具有匹配性更好的柵極驅動器時序特性,可以顯著提高系統的總功率轉換效率。隔離的信號和電源集成也可大幅減少元件數量,從而降低系統成本、提高可靠性。
微變壓器可以用于提供集成的信號和電源隔離,最大額定值為5 kV rms 。對于信號傳輸,輸入數據通常在編碼之后再傳輸給數據變壓器原邊。副邊則通過解碼來還原信號。輸入與輸出之間的隔離通過初級線圈與次級線圈之間的絕緣層來實現。為了在隔離之間實現高效的電源傳輸,用一個自振高頻振蕩器來驅動電源變壓器的(de)原邊,同(tong)(tong)時用高頻肖特基二(er)極(ji)管來(lai)提供整流(liu)直流(liu)電壓(ya)。調(diao)節由次級控制(zhi)器(qi)產生的(de)PWM完成,該PWM通過(guo)(guo)一個反(fan)饋(kui)變(bian)壓(ya)器(qi)以遠低于振蕩(dang)頻率(lv)的(de)頻率(lv)來(lai)開啟和關閉振蕩(dang)器(qi),如(ru)圖2(a)所示。通過(guo)(guo)反(fan)饋(kui)變(bian)壓(ya)器(qi)的(de)反(fan)饋(kui)信號的(de)工(gong)作方(fang)式與通過(guo)(guo)數(shu)據(ju)變(bian)壓(ya)器(qi)的(de)其(qi)他數(shu)據(ju)通道(dao)信號相同(tong)(tong)。當為能量轉換(huan)和反(fan)饋(kui)設置不同(tong)(tong)的(de)控制(zhi)路徑時,可以優(you)化能量轉換(huan)效(xiao)率(lv),同(tong)(tong)時維持調(diao)節的(de)穩定性。圖2(b)展示的(de)是帶(dai)四個獨立的(de)隔離(li)數(shu)據(ju)通道(dao)的(de)500 mW隔離(li)DC-DC轉換(huan)器(qi)。
圖2. (a) 隔離(li)DC-DC逆變器原理圖 (b) 4通道隔離(li)器、500 mW隔離(li)電源下的封裝方(fang)案
在本(ben)例中(zhong),變壓(ya)(ya)器(qi)(qi)由(you)兩個獨立的(de)芯(xin)片構成,一個是(shi)編碼(ma)器(qi)(qi)(即原(yuan)邊芯(xin)片),另一個是(shi)解碼(ma)器(qi)(qi)(即副(fu)邊芯(xin)片)。然而,這主要(yao)是(shi)出于(yu)成本(ben)原(yuan)因(yin)考(kao)慮,而在理論上,變壓(ya)(ya)器(qi)(qi)是(shi)可以(yi)用(yong)其中(zhong)一個IC芯(xin)片構建的(de)。柵極驅動器(qi)(qi)、收(shou)發器(qi)(qi)、ADC等額外電路功能(neng)全部(bu)都(dou)可以(yi)集成進來(lai)。
PV逆變器中的隔離集成
圖3所示為一(yi)個典型的(de)(de)(de)3級(ji)(ji)并網(wang)PV逆(ni)變(bian)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)。第1級(ji)(ji)是一(yi)個可選的(de)(de)(de)升壓(ya)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)換(huan)(huan)(huan)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi),用于提(ti)高(gao)(gao)電(dian)(dian)池板電(dian)(dian)壓(ya),該(gai)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)然(ran)后再通(tong)過(guo)隔(ge)(ge)離(li)DC-DC轉(zhuan)(zhuan)換(huan)(huan)(huan)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)級(ji)(ji)。該(gai)隔(ge)(ge)離(li)DC-DC轉(zhuan)(zhuan)換(huan)(huan)(huan)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)包括一(yi)個通(tong)過(guo)高(gao)(gao)頻變(bian)壓(ya)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)全橋dc-ac轉(zhuan)(zhuan)換(huan)(huan)(huan)功能(neng)。該(gai)高(gao)(gao)頻變(bian)壓(ya)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)具有(you)尺寸小(xiao)、效(xiao)率(lv)高(gao)(gao)的(de)(de)(de)優勢。副邊(bian)的(de)(de)(de)交流(liu)(liu)被整流(liu)(liu)成(cheng)通(tong)常高(gao)(gao)于電(dian)(dian)網(wang)峰值電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)的(de)(de)(de)直流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)。整流(liu)(liu)形成(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)直流(liu)(liu)再通(tong)過(guo)第3逆(ni)變(bian)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)級(ji)(ji)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)換(huan)(huan)(huan)成(cheng)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)線路頻率(lv)。需要(yao)檢測電(dian)(dian)池板輸(shu)(shu)出(chu)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)和電(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu),并將其饋入一(yi)個微(wei)控(kong)制(zhi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi),以執(zhi)行最大功率(lv)傳(chuan)輸(shu)(shu)跟蹤(MPTT)算法。同時(shi),該(gai)微(wei)控(kong)制(zhi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)還(huan)負責控(kong)制(zhi)隔(ge)(ge)離(li)DC-DC和輸(shu)(shu)出(chu)逆(ni)變(bian)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)柵(zha)極驅(qu)動器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)。輸(shu)(shu)出(chu)逆(ni)變(bian)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)位于電(dian)(dian)網(wang)一(yi)端,其接地電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)與(yu)直流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)池板接地電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)不同,從(cong)微(wei)控(kong)制(zhi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)到逆(ni)變(bian)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)驅(qu)動級(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)通(tong)信(xin)需要(yao)隔(ge)(ge)離(li)。通(tong)常需要(yao)四個光耦合器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi),但它(ta)們(men)功耗較高(gao)(gao),其較大的(de)(de)(de)傳(chuan)播延遲(chi)也(ye)可能(neng)影響柵(zha)極驅(qu)動器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)時(shi)序精度,從(cong)而(er)影響到逆(ni)變(bian)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)效(xiao)率(lv),而(er)且最重要(yao)的(de)(de)(de)是,它(ta)們(men)難以支持PV電(dian)(dian)池板20至25年(nian)的(de)(de)(de)擔保壽命。另一(yi)方面,基于微(wei)變(bian)壓(ya)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)隔(ge)(ge)離(li)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)[1, 2]功耗要(yao)低得多,傳(chuan)播延遲(chi)要(yao)短得多,而(er)且性能(neng)不會隨時(shi)間(jian)而(er)下(xia)降。另外,多通(tong)道隔(ge)(ge)離(li)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)也(ye)可以與(yu)片上DC-DC轉(zhuan)(zhuan)換(huan)(huan)(huan)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)集成(cheng),以便(bian)為柵(zha)極驅(qu)動器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)提(ti)供隔(ge)(ge)離(li)電(dian)(dian)源。在逆(ni)變(bian)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)輸(shu)(shu)出(chu)與(yu)并網(wang)之(zhi)間(jian)用繼電(dian)(dian)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)來確
圖3. 3級PV逆變器的隔離方(fang)案(an)
圖4. 3級PV逆變器的柵極驅動器實現方案
每個半橋柵極(ji)(ji)驅(qu)(qu)(qu)動器(qi)均由3向(xiang)隔(ge)(ge)(ge)離構成,即是(shi)說,輸入(ru)與輸出之(zhi)間存在(zai)隔(ge)(ge)(ge)離,兩個輸出之(zhi)間也有隔(ge)(ge)(ge)離。輸入(ru)到輸出的(de)隔(ge)(ge)(ge)離通過片上變壓器(qi)提供。圖5(a)是(shi)1 kV柵極(ji)(ji)驅(qu)(qu)(qu)動器(qi)的(de)變壓器(qi)結構,圖5(b)是(shi)5 kV柵極(ji)(ji)驅(qu)(qu)(qu)動器(qi)的(de)變壓器(qi)結構。1 kV半橋柵極(ji)(ji)驅(qu)(qu)(qu)動器(qi)以(yi)三芯片單封裝實(shi)現,包(bao)括一個輸入(ru)芯片和兩個相(xiang)同的(de)柵極(ji)(ji)驅(qu)(qu)(qu)動器(qi)芯片。
兩個1 kV變壓器(如圖5(a)所示)在輸入芯片上實現,兩個柵極驅動器輸出各一個。輸入與底部線圈相連,底部線圈與頂部線圈之間由2.64 μm厚的氧化物隔離,而頂部線圈相互之間則通過橫向氧化物來實現隔離。這兩個柵極驅動器芯片位于自己的分片焊盤上,并通過與類(lei)似的芯(xin)(xin)片(pian)間(jian)焊線(xian)與輸入芯(xin)(xin)片(pian)處的頂部線(xian)圈相連。5 kV柵極驅動器實現方法與此相似,只是(shi)頂部線(xian)圈與底部線(xian)圈之(zhi)間(jian)是(shi)通過20 mm厚的聚酰亞(ya)胺材料進行隔離的。
圖5. 變(bian)壓器結構 (a) 1 kV柵極(ji)驅動器 (b) 2.5 kV柵極(ji)驅動器
對于多逆(ni)變器并(bing)聯(lian)系統(如串式逆(ni)變器),逆(ni)變器之(zhi)間也(ye)需(xu)要(yao)通信(xin),這一般是通過RS-485總(zong)線(xian)(xian)、RS-232總(zong)線(xian)(xian)或者CAN總(zong)線(xian)(xian)(需(xu)要(yao)隔離(li)時)實(shi)現的。自驅動隔離(li)收(shou)發器將能夠從電(dian)池(chi)板(ban)端獲得總(zong)線(xian)(xian)端所需(xu)要(yao)的電(dian)源。
微(wei)(wei)逆變(bian)(bian)器也(ye)開(kai)始受到人們(men)的(de)青睞,因(yin)為它(ta)們(men)有助于提升系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)的(de)可(ke)(ke)靠性和性能(neng)。它(ta)們(men)還有利(li)于解決串式逆變(bian)(bian)器存(cun)在的(de)潛在直(zhi)流電弧問(wen)題。微(wei)(wei)逆變(bian)(bian)器一(yi)(yi)般安裝(zhuang)在樓(lou)頂電池板的(de)下(xia)方(fang),這(zhe)種條件(jian)下(xia)的(de)環(huan)境溫度可(ke)(ke)能(neng)非(fei)常高。高溫會加快光耦合器中(zhong)LED性能(neng)的(de)下(xia)降(jiang);另一(yi)(yi)方(fang)面,基于微(wei)(wei)變(bian)(bian)壓器的(de)隔離(li)方(fang)法,其性能(neng)不會隨時(shi)間(jian)而(er)下(xia)降(jiang),在這(zhe)些極端條件(jian)下(xia)表現卓越(yue)。微(wei)(wei)逆變(bian)(bian)器可(ke)(ke)以使用(yong)單級(ji)逆變(bian)(bian)器而(er)非(fei)全三級(ji)逆變(bian)(bian)器,以降(jiang)低系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)成本。每個微(wei)(wei)逆變(bian)(bian)器的(de)功耗可(ke)(ke)能(neng)僅(jin)僅(jin)為兩三百瓦特(te),在這(zhe)一(yi)(yi)功耗水平下(xia),隔離(li)集(ji)成法為降(jiang)低系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)成本、提升系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)可(ke)(ke)靠性帶(dai)來了許(xu)多系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)集(ji)成機會。
基于微變(bian)(bian)(bian)壓(ya)(ya)器(qi)(qi)的(de)隔(ge)離(li)集(ji)成(cheng)方(fang)法是滿足并網PV逆(ni)變(bian)(bian)(bian)器(qi)(qi)、中央逆(ni)變(bian)(bian)(bian)器(qi)(qi)或微逆(ni)變(bian)(bian)(bian)器(qi)(qi)的(de)隔(ge)離(li)需求的(de)理想解決方(fang)案(an)。其(qi)集(ji)成(cheng)式信號和電(dian)(dian)源隔(ge)離(li)能力可(ke)以大幅減(jian)少元件(jian)數(shu)量,提(ti)高(gao)系(xi)統可(ke)靠性和使用壽命,同(tong)時,其(qi)精密(mi)的(de)柵極驅動時序特(te)性則可(ke)能進(jin)一步提(ti)高(gao)逆(ni)變(bian)(bian)(bian)器(qi)(qi)的(de)效(xiao)率。利(li)用基于微變(bian)(bian)(bian)壓(ya)(ya)器(qi)(qi)的(de)隔(ge)離(li)ADC,可(ke)以對電(dian)(dian)網電(dian)(dian)流和電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)進(jin)行更加準確的(de)測量,結(jie)果給電(dian)(dian)網帶(dai)來高(gao)品(pin)質的(de)單位功率系(xi)數(shu)正弦電(dian)(dian)流。
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